This page is part of the 3D Game Kit example.

Most combat games feature attack combos where performing multiple attacks in quick succession will use various different animations in a sequence which resets to the beginning if you stop attacking or reach the end, which is what we have here:

Mecanim

The Mecanim character's MeleeCombatSM state is a Sub State Machine containing several Attack animations:

At first glance, the general concept is easy to understand - it will start with the first Attack animation (EllenCombo1) and continue to each of the others in order if you keep trying to attack - but as usual, the specific implementation of that logic is scattered all over the place:

1. PlayerInput.Update checks for the attack input in order to start the AttackWait coroutine.
2. AttackWait sets m_CurrentAnimation = true; then waits for 0.03 seconds, then sets it back to false. This is a dirty hack to ensure that the input doesn't get missed in case there are multiple Updates in a row without a FixedUpdate between them, but otherwise it's an arbitrary amount of time which is too small to have any other use.
3. PlayerController.FixedUpdate resets the MeleeAttack trigger in the Animator Controller every frame and then sets it if the above input was detected. This means it should just be a bool parameter since the features of a trigger aren't even being used.
4. FixedUpdate also gets the normalized time of the current state from the Animator Controller and sends it back into the StateTime parameter.
5. The Animator Controller uses the MeleeAttack trigger to transition into the MeleeCombatSM sub state machine and play the first attack animation (EllenCombo1).
6. FixedUpdate also calls SetTargetRotation which checks if (m_InAttack) in order to turn the player towards a nearby enemy if there is one.
7. Searching for references to m_InAttack finds that the only place it gets set to true is the MeleeAttackStart method which has a comment explaining that it's called by an Animation Event.
8. FixedUpdate also calls PlayAudio which plays a sound if one of the attack states was just entered. This is another dirty hack because it does so by checking each of the individual state names (EllenCombo1, EllenCombo2, etc.).
9. Each of the EllenCombo states has a StateMachineBehaviour called EllenStaffEffect with an int effectIndex which is set in the Inspector. When a state is entered its OnStateEnter method gets the PlayerController and accesses the effect of their weapon at the specified index in order to call TimeEffect.Activate on it.
10. That method activates an animated weapon trail and a Light, then uses a coroutine to wait until the animation finishes to deactivate it.
11. Each of the EllenCombo states has various transitions, including one which leads to the next state in the sequence on the conditions that MeleeAttack is true (meaning the player is trying to attack) and the StateTime (from step #4) is within a certain range.

Note how several of those steps don't directly lead into the next. PlayerInput doesn't just call a method which you can read to in order to find out what it does, instead it sets a value and you need to check everywhere that references that value to find out what effect it will have. This is a big part of what makes the setup so convoluted.

Animancer

using Animancer;
using Animancer.Units;
using System;
using UnityEngine;
using UnityEngine.Events;

public sealed class AttackState : CharacterState
{
    [SerializeField, DegreesPerSecond] private float _TurnSpeed = 400;
    [SerializeField] private UnityEvent _SetWeaponOwner;
    [SerializeField] private UnityEvent _OnStart;
    [SerializeField] private UnityEvent _OnEnd;
    [SerializeField] private ClipTransition[] _Animations;

    private int _CurrentAnimationIndex = int.MaxValue;
    private ClipTransition _CurrentAnimation;

    private void Awake()
    {
        _SetWeaponOwner.Invoke();
    }

    public override bool CanEnterState => Character.Movement.IsGrounded;

    private void OnEnable()
    {
        if (_CurrentAnimationIndex >= _Animations.Length - 1 ||
            _Animations[_CurrentAnimationIndex].State.Weight == 0)
        {
            _CurrentAnimationIndex = 0;
        }
        else
        {
            _CurrentAnimationIndex++;
        }

        _CurrentAnimation = _Animations[_CurrentAnimationIndex];
        Character.Animancer.Play(_CurrentAnimation);
        Character.ForwardSpeed = 0;
        _OnStart.Invoke();
    }

    private void OnDisable()
    {
        _OnEnd.Invoke();
    }

    public override bool FullMovementControl => false;

    private void FixedUpdate()
    {
        if (Character.CheckMotionState())
            return;

        Character.Movement.TurnTowards(Character.Parameters.MovementDirection, _TurnSpeed);
    }

    public override bool CanExitState
        => _CurrentAnimation.State.NormalizedTime >= _CurrentAnimation.State.Events.NormalizedEndTime;
}

Well, not quite all the logic:

Buffered Input

The initial input check is handled by the GameKitCharacterBrain script.

It starts with a reference to the Attack state which is assigned in the Inspector.

// GameKitCharacterBrain.cs:
[SerializeField] private CharacterState _Attack;

Note that this is the only place where the Attack state is actually referenced. The Character script has references to the core states - Respawn, Idle, Locomotion, and Airborne - but none of them need to know or care whether the character can attack.

In the Mecanim character, each attack has a window of time during which you could press the attack button to perform the next attack in the combo (step #11 above). These windows were defined in the transition conditions which made them tricky to work with for two main reasons:

• You can't view more than one at a time and it takes two clicks to swap between them.
• Since the StateTime parameter is actually set using the state's normalized time, it's hard to judge how much time a particular value actually represents (in seconds).

Instead of trying to replicate that setup, the Animancer character instead uses Animancer's Input Buffering system in exactly the same way as the Weapons example.

Fields

Now that we have taken care of getting the character into the AttackState, we can make some Serialized Fields to show in the Inspector:

Code

Inspector

[SerializeField, DegreesPerSecond] private float _TurnSpeed = 400; [SerializeField] private UnityEvent _SetWeaponOwner; [SerializeField] private UnityEvent _OnStart; [SerializeField] private UnityEvent _OnEnd; [SerializeField] private ClipTransition[] _Animations; In order to interact with the existing systems in the 3D Game Kit Lite (such as killing enemies and breaking destructible boxes) we need to call several methods on its scripts, but the Script Referencing issue prevents us from calling them directly so we use UnityEvents instead: _SetWeaponOwner is used in Awake to call MeleeWeapon.SetOwner so that when the weapon hits an enemy it can pass the relevant information about the character wielding it to the enemy being hit. _OnStart activates the weapon (most games have the weapon always visible, but the Mecanim character only shows it when attacking so we just do the same here) and calls MeleeWeapon.BeginAttack so that it will start checking for objects to hit. _OnEnd cancels out what _OnStart did.

We also need some non-serialized fields to remember the index of the current attack (to play the next one in the sequence when the player attacks repeatedly) and keep a direct reference to that attack for use later on:

private int _CurrentAnimationIndex = int.MaxValue;
private ClipTransition _CurrentAnimation;

Animations

Expanding the foldout arrow next to each of the Transitions allows us to customise the Fade Duration and End Time of each attack.

Weapon Trails

Whenever we play one of the attack animations, we also want to show a trail of blue light behind the weapon swing. This is handled by the TimeEffect script from the 3D Game Kit Lite which the Script Referencing issue prevents us from using directly. But rather than adding a UnityEvent field as we have in other cases, we can make use of the fact that Transitions already have built in Animancer Events by simply creating an event at time 0 and using its Unity Event to call the TimeEffect.Activate.

In this case the trails are separately animated meshes so if we wanted the ability to tweak the Speed of the attack animation, we would also need to pass that speed onto the trail so it gets shown correctly in relation to the character.

Rather than using a separately animated mesh for the trails, many games generally use Unity's Trail Renderer component (or a custom script that works similarly) to have the trail dynamically follow wherever the weapon goes. This would avoid the speed issue and require less effort to develop, but it does somewhat limit your creative control over the exact appearance of the effect.

Attack Details

The 3D Game Kit Lite uses a very basic damage system where the player kills enemies and destroys objects in one hit and enemies cause the player to lose 1 health on contact out of 5 total. But many games allow different weapons to deal different amounts of damage, knock enemies away, and even cause them to Flinch for different amounts of time. Some games even allow individual attacks with the same weapon to use different stats such as having a sword deal Slashing damage with one attack then Piercing damage with the next or having a weak bash attack followed by a powerful overhead strike.

Associating additional details like that with each animation can be done by creating a class that Inherits from ClipTransition, just like how the Root Motion example allows each transition to determine whether it wants to use root motion or not.

The Platformer Game Kit has a more detailed damage system.

Adding More Attacks

Much like if we want to add more idle animations, building this script to use an array makes it much easier to modify the general behaviour and set up any number of animations without needing to set up the same states, transitions, and StateMachineBehaviours every time as you would when using Mecanim.

State Entry

In this example, we only allow attacking while grounded:

public override bool CanEnterState => Character.Movement.IsGrounded;

Games often have different attacks they can use while Airborne as well, which could be achieved by giving this state an Inspector bool to determine whether it's for ground or air attacks and attaching two of them to the same Character, or by giving it a second array of ClipTransitions to use when airborne.

When entering this state, we start by determining which attack in the sequence we are up to. If the previous attack was the last one or it has already fully faded out, we want the first attack, but otherwise we can go to the next one in line:

private void OnEnable()
{
    if (_CurrentAnimationIndex >= _Animations.Length - 1 ||
        _Animations[_CurrentAnimationIndex].State.Weight == 0)
    {
        _CurrentAnimationIndex = 0;
    }
    else
    {
        _CurrentAnimationIndex++;
    }

Note how we initialized the index to start at int.MaxValue when declaring the field so that the first condition checked by OnEnable is true the first time it's used.

Now that we know which attack is starting, we can play it:

    _CurrentAnimation = _Animations[_CurrentAnimationIndex];
    Animancer.Play(_CurrentAnimation);
    Character.ForwardSpeed = 0;
    _OnStart.Invoke();
}

Updates

While this state is active, we want to apply the raw root motion from the attack animations so we disable FullMovementControl:

public override bool FullMovementControl => false;

This FixedUpdate method is the simplest of any state, we just check the standard transitions (Idle, Locomotion, or Airborne as appropriate) and turn in the direction the Character.Brain wants to go:

private void FixedUpdate()
{
    if (Character.CheckMotionState())
        return;

    Character.Movement.TurnTowards(Character.Parameters.MovementDirection, _TurnSpeed);
}

On its own, CheckMotionState would immediately go to a different state, however we want to prevent other actions from interrupting attacks until they are done so we override CanExitState to base its answer on the time of the current attack:

public override bool CanExitState
    => _CurrentAnimation.State.NormalizedTime >= _CurrentAnimation.EndNormalizedTime;

This means that once the specified time passes, the next FixedUpdate will change to one of the standard states (and that state will be responsible for fading in its own animation). If the Input Buffer is attempting to attack again, it will then do so next time it's updated, which will enter this state again. Since the attack animation that just ended would still be fading out at that point, the OnEnable method would then move it onto the next attack in the sequence.

We're using the End Event time to determine when this state is alowed to exit which makes it seem like we could just use an actual event instead of calling Character.CheckMotionState every frame, but that wouldn't work because:

• If CanExitState always returns false, Character.CheckMotionState won't work because it uses TrySetState instead of ForceSetState.
• If CanExitState always returns true, it would allow other actions like jumping in the middle of an attack.